***Paranthropus boisei***

Location: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.

Age: 1.8 million years ago.

Material: epoxy resin cast.

Dimensions: length, 215 mm; width, 157 mm; height, 117 mm.

Notes: RLA catalog no. 2501.1rp74 (cast).  Fossil discovered in 1959 by Mary Leakey and described by P. Tobias.  Represented the first reliable chronometric assessment of an early hominid.  Nearly complete cranium, called "Zinj."  Cast made by the Wenner-Gren Foundation Casting Program at the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.  From the teaching collection of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  Model by Madelaine Azar.

Paranthropus boisei (2501.1rp74-1) - cranium

**Especie:** *Paranthropus boisei *Broom, 1938
**Número de Registro:* MGUV 22815
**Capacidad craneal:** 500-550 cc.
**Edad:** 1´75 M.a (Pleistoceno Medio) 
**Localidad:** olduvai (Tanzania)
**Clasificación:** família Hominidae, género *Parantrophus*
**Material:** réplica del cráneo en resina del holotipo OH 5, **dimensiones:** 21 x 16´5 x 12´3 cm.
**Técnica:** ** fotogrametría 
**Cámara:** Sony DSC HX60V 
**Autor:** Jose A. Villena
**Colección:**  "Evolución Humana"  Museo de la Universitat de València de Historia Natural (Burjassot, Valencia, España)

![](https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/51910754942_26bcf09947_z.jpg)

Paranthropus boisei skull (cast)

Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus, also known as "Australopithecus aethiopicus", -2.5 millions years, southern Ethiopia. Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (Brussels, Belgium). Made with ReMake and ReCap Pro from AutoDesk.

Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus was discovered in southern Ethiopia by French archeologists Camille Arambourg and Yves Coppens in 1967. Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus has notable features that differ from the other robust australopithecines, including a larger zygomatic arch, extended ramus of the mandible, and a more prognathic face. These differences may have been developed during the evolution of aethiopicus, but it may also suggest that P. aethiopicus has a different phylogenetic history than A. robustus and A. boisei.

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Paranthropus Aethiopicus

*** Paranthropus aethiopicus***

Location: Lomekwi, West Turkana, Kenya.

Age: 2.5 million years ago.

Material: epoxy resin cast.

Dimensions: length, 215 mm; width, 150 mm; height, 105 mm.

Notes: RLA catalog no. 2501.1rp19 (cast).  Fossil discovered in 1985 by Alan Walker.  Virtually complete cranium, known as the "black skull."  Cast made by the Wenner-Gren Foundation Casting Program at the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.  From the teaching collection of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  Model by Chloe Scattergood.

Paranthropus aethiopicus (2501.1rp19)

1:1 Scale 3D Model of Paranthropus Aethiopicus Reconstruction(Maxillia/Teeth), Using advanced Photogrammetry

**CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs**

Paranthropus Aethiopicus Reconstruction

1:1 Scale Comparison betwenn Reconstructed Paranthropus Aethiopicus(Maxillia, Mandible), Male Afarensis AL 333 composite reconstruction and Dmanisi 5 Skull, while Dmanisi 5 is not an Australopithecine, many believe it may be an advanced form of Australopithecine.

**CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs**

Australopithecines Comparison 2

1:1 3D Model of The Reconstructed(Maxillia) Paranthropus Aethiopicus skull and a Reconstructed Peninj (Natron) mandible.

All models have been obtained using Highly advanced technologies, Photogrammetry, Gaussian Splatting, Nural Engine Reconstruction. I have applied every technology to bring previously unattainable 3D models to the general public for Educational and personal use
**CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs**

1:1 cast of the Peninj (Natron) mandible, attributed to *Paranthropus/Australopithecus boisei*. It was discovered near Lake Natron, Tanzania, and dates to approximately 1.5 million years ago. The mandible exhibits the robust anatomical features characteristic of this taxon, including a deep mandibular corpus, enlarged molars and premolars, and reduced anterior teeth.

This mandible is often displayed together with the famous OH 5 cranium (“Nutcracker Man”), and is used to reconstruct the characteristic appearance of this robust species.

Peninj mandible

Species: *Paranthropus boisei * 
Discovery: 1969, Koobi Fora, Kenya
Age: About 1.7 million years old
Scanned and edited by Linda Piccini (Laboratorio di Biologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia - Università di Pisa) 
Scanner: ARTEC SPIDER

KMN-ER 406 - Skull

Species: *Paranthropus boisei * 
Discovery: 1969, Koobi Fora, Kenya 
Age: About 1.7 million years old 
Scanned and edited by Linda Piccini (Laboratorio di Biologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia - Università di Pisa) 
Scanner: ARTEC SPIDER

KMN-ER 406 - Mandible

Species: *Paranthropus robustus*
Discovery: 1950, Swartkrans, Republic of South Africa
Age: Between 1.8 and 1.5 million years old
Scanned and edited by Linda Piccini (Laboratorio di Biologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia - Università di Pisa) 
Scanner: ARTEC SPIDER

SK-48 - Mandible

Species: *Paranthropus boisei * 
Discovery: 1959, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Age: About 1.8 million years old
Scanned and edited by Linda Piccini (Laboratorio di Biologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia - Università di Pisa) 
Scanner: ARTEC SPIDER

OH 5 (Nutcracker Man) - Skull

Species: *Paranthropus robustus *
Discovery: 1950, Swartkrans, Republic of South Africa 
Age: Between 1.8 and 1.5 million years old 
Scanned and edited by Linda Piccini (Laboratorio di Biologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia - Università di Pisa) 
Scanner: ARTEC SPIDER

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