A plastered human skull; the skull was taken as the base and the features of the face were modelled on it in plaster. One eye is made from a bivalve shell divided in two. The other has one, smaller, complete shell in place and is missing its twin.

Culture/period: Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (8500 BC- 6000BC)

* Height: 17 centimetres 
* Width: 14.6 centimetres 
* Depth: 18 centimetres 
* Weight: 3.4 kilograms

Collection online record: http://bit.ly/jerichoSkull3D

Google Cultural Institute: https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/swH1nFuqOHaDLQ

Created from 138 photographs (Nikon D5100/ OnePlus3 mobile) and Photoscan by Daniel Pett.
[![ORCiD](https://img.shields.io/badge/ORCiD-0000--0002--0246--2335-green.svg)](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0246-2335)
[![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/83538689.svg)](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/83538689)

The Jericho Skull

This model is featured in the official Sketchfab VR app:

[![](https://forum.sketchfab.com/uploads/db4890/original/2X/5/5a2e2dbd86ddcbce1cad8fb53aefc0a7cc0506c3.jpg)](https://sketchfab.com/virtual-reality)

This building at Skara Brae, Sandwick, Orkney dates from the late Neolithic (c.2900-2400 cal BC) and was the home to stone age farmers . This structure, known as House 1, was discovered after a storm in 1850.  The local laird William Watt excavated this building in the 1850s and1860s discovering a wealth of stone and bone tools.  

Following erosion in the 1920s a defensive sea wall was constructed and Prof. Vere Gordon Childe undertook further excavations.

The walls of this building survive over two metres high and the stone furniture remains in place.   A hearh lies at the centre of the building and a large 'dresser' faces the one metre high door.  The boxes around the sides of the room are bed compartments, which would have been lined with animal skins.  The small stone boxes were used for storage.

Neolithic House, Skara Brae, Orkney

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, two miles (3 km) west of Amesbury. It consists of a ring of standing stones, with each standing stone around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, seven feet (2.1 m) wide and weighing around 25 tons. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.

One of the most famous landmarks in the United Kingdom, Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon. It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust

Stonehenge England - VR

House 2 is a Late Neolithic (c.3000-2500 cal BC) building at Skara Brae, Sandwick, Orkney.  The walls of this building survive over 2m high as it was buried by a sand-dune.

For more information on Skara Brae visit CANMORE: https://canmore.org.uk/site/1663/skara-brae

Skara Brae, Orkney. House 2

Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn, near Finstown, Mainland, Orkney, is a late Neolithic (c.3200-2300 BC) 'Maes Howe'-type tomb.  The tomb is located on the side of the hill and the floor is cut into sandstone bedrock.  The chambers are constructed from fine dry-stone walling with corbelled roofs.  The mound measures c.55 feet in diameter and the main chamber is 8 feet 6 inches tall.

The tomb was partly excavated by James Cursiter in 1888 and more extensively investigated by Malcolm M. Charleston in 1901.  The tomb contained at least 8 burials and the skulls of 24 dogs.  The latter may have been a totemic animal, but they were probably deposited in the Bronze Age rather than the Neolithic.  The tomb sites above the Neolithic settlement site of Stonehall, which was excavated by Prof Colin Richards in the 1990s. 

This site is managed by Historic Environment Scotland and is open to the public.  For more information see CANMORE: http://canmore.org.uk/site/2059

Modelled using 1200 photos taken with a Canon 70d.

Cuween Hill Chambered Tomb, Orkney

Half a skull from the Neolithic Necropolis of Escoural Cave, one of the most iconic monuments of the of Montemor-o-Novo’s region, in Portugal, being widely recognized for the presence of Paleolithic rock art (paintings and engravings). The burials in this necropolis were covered by a mantle of calcite that can still be seen in part of this skull. The burials were accompanied by votive ceramics pieces.

This piece is currently on display at the Museum of S. Domingos, in Montemor-o-Novo.

Photos from Canon 5D Mk IV. Completely processed (aligned, scaled, meshed, cleaned, simplified, unwrapped, textured,) in Reality Capture.

Escoural Cave Skull, Portugal

Castlerigg Stone Circle, in the English Lake District.
 
The Neolithic stone circle is thought to have been constructed in around 3000 BC, and is potentially one of the earliest in the country. 

The monument includes an oval enclosure of stones which contains a smaller enclosure and two barrows, and an outlying stone. 

The oval enclosure includes 38 large stones, some standing up to 3m high and some fallen, and 3 smaller stones; it encloses an area measuring approximately 32m north-south by 29m east-west. 

Castlerigg Stone Circle remains unencumbered by modern development, and is one of the finest examples of a large irregular stone circle in England.

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1011362

The model was created from 455 photographs.

Castlerigg Stone Circle

Mont Orgueil (French for 'Mount Pride') is a castle in Jersey that overlooks the harbour of Gorey. It is also called Gorey Castle by English-speakers, and lé Vièr Châté (the Old Castle) by Jèrriais-speakers.The castle is first called 'Mont Orgeuil' in an ordinance issued by Pierre de Brézé, Lord of the Isles during the occupation by the French during the War of the Roses, in 1462.

The site had been fortified during the Iron Age, as excavations in the 1970s showed, the existence of an earth rampart at the top of the granite rock, that the castle now rests on. Other materials were also found at the site, such as arrowheads and pottery, which actually date from the Neolithic period (4000–2500 BC). 

+Info : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Orgueil

Mont Orgueil | JERSEY

Georeferenced Orthomosaic Map and Model. The most important prehistoric site of the East Midlands, Arbor Low is a Neolithic henge monument atmospherically set amid high moorland. Within an earthen bank and ditch, a circle of some 50 white limestone slabs, all now fallen, surrounds a central stone ‘cove’ – a feature found only in major sacred sites. Nearby is enigmatic Gib Hill, a large burial mound.

Created in RealityScan by Epic Games from 814 images in 00h:03m:54s.

License: CC BY 4.0. Model created by Shiro Morturn - Sudbury Digital Imaging for documentation and educational purposes.

Sudbury Digital Imaging is working with Staffordshire Wildlife Trust on the Trent Valley Past and Present project, helping to connect communities with their heritage. (https://www.thetrentvalley.org.uk/projects/tvpp/)

Contour Map: ![](https://i.postimg.cc/vH3zHHzG/Arbor-Low-DSM-Contours-2026-03-19.jpg)

Scalerfield Image: ![](https://i.postimg.cc/qRscfkq3/Arbor-Low-Gibb-Hill-Drone-Mapping-EDL-Shader-Scalerfield.jpg)

Arbor Low and Gibb Hill Map Peak District

A raised section of mud on Hoylake beach, perhaps one day we will see a dried section with neolithic footprints a la Formby Point.

This portion of Rock 6 at Luine demonstates the huge timespan of the tradition of rock engraving in Valcamonica.  There are the faint lines of Epipaleolithic animal carvings; these heavily overlain by possibly Neolithic/Bronze Age cup marks & occasional rings, and 1st Century BC alphabetic inscriptions, Roman age numerals and finally, a possibly Christian era cross (refer to the annotations on the model).  This represents nearly 9000 years of human creative activity on and around this site.

Valcamonica, Luine - Rock 6 (4)

Female statuette-vessel, modeled without a head. The silhouette is notable for the massiveness of the upper half of the body. The thin arms preserve the proportion of the vessel's handles. The palms, with the five fingers in a non-anatomical position, have been exaggerated in size to have a larger surface area for the base of the handles to grip the vessel's body. The incised decoration, consisting of concentric circles, triangles and other figurative elements arranged in the anatomical-functional parts of the human body, symbolizes fecundity, fertility and the practice of solar worship.
The statuette is unique among similar Neolithic pieces in Europe. For conservation reasons, the statuette is not exhibited in the museum's main exhibition, being in danger of destruction due to its fragility and age.

The statuette dates back to the Neolithic, Gumelnița culture, around 5000 BC.
Place of discovery: Ilfov county, Vidra commune, Vidra, Vidra Tell.

Neolithic Venus from Vidra, Romania

A smaller surface in relation to the many very large carved rocks at Foppe di Nadro.  The rock has been extensively smoothed by glacial action.

The engravings here represent two phases of carving.  The first phast presents engravings from the Neolithic Age (4th millennium BC), with 28 praying figures, of which several can be seen here on the 3D model.  They have both schematic and curved arms.  These are contemporary with the circle motifs with a dot in the centre and two figures recognisable as halberds.

The second phase starts from the Middle IronAge and the panel is densely engraved with figures of warriors wielding swords, shields & spears.

The rock also displays some historic phase motifs, with filiforms of lines, half-circles and grids and some Medieval crosses.

Valcamonica, Foppe di Nadro - Rock 35

The Priddy Circles are probably Neolithic ritual or ceremonial monuments similar to a henge but this interpretation is somewhat speculative due to the presence of external rather than internal ditches.

Somerset HER: [24042](https://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/24042), [24046](https://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/24046)

Scheduled Monuments: [1015501](https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1015501), [1015498](https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1015498)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priddy_Circles

3D model from enhanced LIDAR (DSM, 1m) © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2022. All rights reserved. Vertical exaggeration x1.5.

Enhancement of the LIDAR was carried out using tools made available in the QGIS plugin, Relief Visualization Toolbox. Kokalj, Žiga & Hesse, Ralf. (2017). Airborne laser scanning raster data visualization: A Guide to Good Practice.

3D landscape model made using the QGIS2threejs plugin for QGIS.

Priddy Circles & Barrows, Somerset, UK

A number of figures with the arms and legs each arranged in a 'U' shape can be seen here.  These are interpreted as praying figures, which have been termed 'oranti.'  Such figures can be seen at many locations in Vlacamonica.  They also occurs at other Alpine rock art site and also in Sardinia.

In Valcamonica, detailed studies of their superimpositions have placed them firmly within the Bronze Age, with maybe the odd stray into the early Iron Age.  Early thoughts were that some might date as far back as the Neolithic - they have been dated to that period elsewhere.  However, large, modern studies have only found superimpositions of these figures on top of copper Age & Neolithic engravings, none the other ways round.  So in Valcamonica the Oranti are firmly associated with the Bronze Age.

Valcamonica, Foppe di Nadro - Rock 23 (2)

I have seen compass-drawn circles in many locations throughout Valcamonica - e.g. Luine, Bedolina, Nadro & Paspardo.  They do not seem to garner very much attention or comment.  Here at Rock 6, there are many compass-drawn circles of hugely varying sizes, and some with multiple concentric rings, all with distinct central holes.   On the same surface are also a number of pecked, cup and ring marks, usually assigned to the late Neolithic/Bronze Ages.  

Whatever the actual date of the compass-drawn circle is, they will have been produced many centuries after the cup & ring marks, yet they take a similar form.  Is there some sort of continuity of meaning in these geometrical forms & is there a connectivity here between this area and that of Atlantic rock art?   This struck me quite strongly the first time I visited this rock at Luine, and the thought has been re-enforced by my observations elsewhere.  It would be significant as the interpretation of cup & ring marks in the Atlantic area is a complete mystery.

Valcamonica, Luine - Rock 6 (5)

**Collection:** Prehistory and Historical Archeology Dept.

**Inv.-No.:** [UF-23028.103.1](https://www.online.landessammlungen-noe.at/objects/1519022)

**Material:** Copper

**Dimensions:**  5,9 cm x 2,7 mm

**Dating:** 4550 - 4025 BCE

A flat, spherical copper bead. This object was made by rolling out a metal wire with a rectangular cross-section. During the Neolithic period, particularly in its later phase, the first tools for working copper were already in use. This period is regarded as the beginning of the Metal Ages and is frequently referred to in academic literature as the Copper Age or Chalcolithic. Copper beads are among the earliest evidence of metal being worked into jewellery.

This object was digitized through the ‘Kulturerbe digital’ program of the Federal Ministry for Arts, Culture, Public Service and Sport.

Copper Bead

Rock 12, the is the largest area of exposed bedrock at Seradina and, with its hundreds of carvings, constitutes an exceptional window on the world of the Iron Age Valcamonica tribes.

The wide surface is one of the most important and well-known in the whole of Valcamonica rock art and is marked by themes which make it unique in the context of the local Iron Age.

The six ploughing scenes identified on this rock can be interpreted as an Iron Age revival of a theme already present two thousand years before.  Here, yoked horses are depicted. replacing the previous oxen of Neolithic and Bronze Age carvings.  

The plough teams are almost always led by someone with a hoe and sometimes followed by erotic scenes.  The symbolic value of this kind of representation is associated with fertility and fertility rites.

Valcamonica, Seradina 1 - Rock 12 (1)

Neolithic house reconstruction of the TRB (Funnel Beaker culture/Trichterbecherkultur) from Flögeln (c. 3200 BCE) recorded in Steinzeitpark Dithmarschen, Albersdorf, Schleswig. 

Beginner photogrammetry (RealityScan) with DJI minidrone and handheld Canon camera. Recorded in very low winter sun, which gave hard light/shadows, holes which I tried to close and clean a bit. Still rough, and could need more polish of mesh and textures, etc. by someone more skilled than me. 

See more details about the original reconstruction and Steinzeitpark Dithmarschen at https://retold.eu/case-study/system/buildings/stone-age-house-flogeln 

Thanks to Rüdiger Kelm at Steinzeitpark Dithmarschen for letting me record and upload this house and Matthias Wetzels for help with recording. 
See Kelm 2010 for the scientific paper on this reconstruction of the Flögeln house at https://retold.eu/sites/default/files/2024-08/Artikel_Steinzeith%C3%A4user_JbMvM_2012.pdf
Please cite using https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19018751

Neolithic TRB house Flögeln

This is a reconstruction in plaster of the face of a Neolithic woman made by Caroline Wilkinson of the University of Manchester. This Neolithic woman must have been very special to her community because she was buried in the ring ditch of a henge near to the entrance. To add to the mystery, she was also buried with two wolves or extremely large dogs. The skeleton suggests she was 30 to 40 years old when she died, so an old lady 5,000 years ago. Also found at the henge was a processional way leading to the River Ash, a boiling pit for cooking, animal bones and antler pick tools for digging. Add to that the entrance to the henge is aligned to sunrise on midsummers day and we have a very special lady buried in a very special place, Staines Road Farm in Shepperton. Sadly, the site has long been lost to gravel working.

Neolithic Woman

# **石錘（stone sinker）**

高（Height）：95.4ｍｍ

老鉄山（中国遼寧省旅順）採集／新石器時代～漢代／明治時代に発見／大阪歴史博物館所蔵
From Lao Tieshan (Lüshun, Liaoning Province), China. Discovered in the Meiji era（1868-1912）.
Neolithic Period ～ Han Dynasty / Osaka Museum of Histry

modeling : Scanner

 This 3D model data is available for download. 
 Please read [the guidelines](http://www.mus-his.city.osaka.jp/eng/visit/3D_culturalproperties_eng.html) carefully before use.

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